Physical characteristics of the Huangyi Va people in China

doi:10.16359/j.1000-3193/AAS.2024.0040

Abstract

Abstract:

The Va people are distributed in the border area between China, Myanmar and Thailand, and their language belongs to the Mon-Khmer language group, which is divided into Va Va, A Va and Baraoke Va. In order to explore the physical characteristics of the Huangyi Va ethnic group in China, the research team measured the head, face and body parameters of 325 adults (127 males and 198 females) in Dazhai Village, Mengjian Township, Lincang City, Yunnan Province in 2023. Physical index and classification were calculated and analyzed by Excel and SPSS. The results are as follows: The crease rate of eyefold of the upper eyelid of male and female was higher (89.8% in male and 93.4% in female), and the mongoloid fold rate was lower (18.9% in male and 16.2% in female). The opening height of eyeslits was mainly medium, the direction of eyeslits was mainly medium, the maximum diameter of nostrils was mainly transverse, the nasal profile was mainly straight, and the alae nasi breadth was mainly wide. The lobe types was round, the zygomatic projection was tiny, and thickness of lips was middle. There were significant differences between men and women in 47 parameters such as head length, head breadth and minimum frontal breadth, which cresta iliaca breadth and hip circumference were greater in women than in men, and the other 45 parameters were greater in men than in women. According to the occurrence rate of index classification, it can be concluded that the men and women of Huangyi Va are mesocephaly, hypsicephalic, acrocephalic, mesorrhiny, medium trunk, wide chest, wide shoulder and wide crista iliaca, and the short stature type is the highest. Cluster analysis shows that the Huangyi Va ethnic group is close to Va and Deang. The principal component analysis showed that compared with the other 10 ethnic groups, the nose breadth, lip height, mouth breadth and interocular breadth of the Huangyi Va male were larger, and the face breadth and head length of the Huangyi Va male were smaller. The nose breadth, lip height, mouth breadth, interocular breadth, head length of the Huangyi Va female are at a high level.The morphological facial height and face breadth of Huangyi Va female is at a low level. This is closely related to genetic factors, living environment, eating habits and so on. The Huangyi Va adults belong to the physical characteristics of the southern ethnic groups.

Key words: Huangyi Va, Head and face, Body, Anthropometry, Physical characteristic

CLC Number:

Q984

LYU Jingyi, XIAO Yao, YU Keli, CHENG Zhi, NIE Haobo, GAO Xinying, YAO Yuetong, BAO Jinping, ZHENG Lianbin, ZHANG Xinghua. Physical characteristics of the Huangyi Va people in China[J]. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2024, 43(04): 549-560.

Figures/Tables 6

References 35

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项目Index	类型Types	男Male		女Female		卡方检验Chi-square test
项目Index	类型Types	数量n	比例%	数量n	比例%	卡方检验Chi-square test
上眼睑皱褶Eyefold of the upper eyelid	无No phenotype	13	10.2%	13	6.6%
	有phenotype	114	89.8%	185	93.4%
蒙古褶Mongoloid fold	无No phenotype	103	81.1%	166	83.8%
	有phenotype	24	18.9%	32	16.2%
眼裂高度Opening height of eyeslits	宽wide	1	0.8%	5	2.5%
	中等middle	75	59.0%	131	66.2%
	窄narrow	51	40.2%	62	31.3%
眼裂倾斜度Direction of eyeslits	内角高internal angle	3	2.4%	2	1.0%
	水平middle	64	50.4%	123	62.1%
	外角高external angle	60	47.2%	73	36.9%
鼻孔最大径Maximum diameter of nostrils	横transverse	88	69.3%	153	77.3%	*
	斜oblique	30	23.6%	42	21.2%
	纵vertical	9	7.1%	3	1.5%
鼻背侧面观Nasal profile	凹型concave	36	28.4%	89	45.0%	*
	直型straight	84	66.1%	101	51.0%
	凸型protruding	7	5.5%	6	3.0%
	波型wave type	0	0.0%	2	1.0%
鼻翼宽Alae nasi breadth	宽wide	110	86.6%	126	63.6%	**
	中等middle	15	11.8%	70	35.4%
	窄narrow	2	1.6%	2	1.0%
耳垂类型Lobe types	方形square	14	11.0%	18	9.1%
	三角形triangle	18	14.2%	24	12.1%
	圆形round	95	74.8%	156	78.8%
颧部突出度Zygomatic projection	突出projecting	13	10.2%	56	28.3%	**
	中等middle	22	17.3%	36	18.2%
	微弱tiny	92	72.4%	106	53.5%
红唇厚度Thickness of lips	薄唇thin	35	27.6%	67	33.8%
	中唇middle	69	54.3%	89	45.0%
	厚唇thick	23	18.1%	42	21.2%

项目Index	类型Types	男Male		女Female		卡方检验Chi-square test
项目Index	类型Types	数量n	比例%	数量n	比例%	卡方检验Chi-square test
上眼睑皱褶Eyefold of the upper eyelid	无No phenotype	13	10.2%	13	6.6%
	有phenotype	114	89.8%	185	93.4%
蒙古褶Mongoloid fold	无No phenotype	103	81.1%	166	83.8%
	有phenotype	24	18.9%	32	16.2%
眼裂高度Opening height of eyeslits	宽wide	1	0.8%	5	2.5%
	中等middle	75	59.0%	131	66.2%
	窄narrow	51	40.2%	62	31.3%
眼裂倾斜度Direction of eyeslits	内角高internal angle	3	2.4%	2	1.0%
	水平middle	64	50.4%	123	62.1%
	外角高external angle	60	47.2%	73	36.9%
鼻孔最大径Maximum diameter of nostrils	横transverse	88	69.3%	153	77.3%	*
	斜oblique	30	23.6%	42	21.2%
	纵vertical	9	7.1%	3	1.5%
鼻背侧面观Nasal profile	凹型concave	36	28.4%	89	45.0%	*
	直型straight	84	66.1%	101	51.0%
	凸型protruding	7	5.5%	6	3.0%
	波型wave type	0	0.0%	2	1.0%
鼻翼宽Alae nasi breadth	宽wide	110	86.6%	126	63.6%	**
	中等middle	15	11.8%	70	35.4%
	窄narrow	2	1.6%	2	1.0%
耳垂类型Lobe types	方形square	14	11.0%	18	9.1%
	三角形triangle	18	14.2%	24	12.1%
	圆形round	95	74.8%	156	78.8%
颧部突出度Zygomatic projection	突出projecting	13	10.2%	56	28.3%	**
	中等middle	22	17.3%	36	18.2%
	微弱tiny	92	72.4%	106	53.5%
红唇厚度Thickness of lips	薄唇thin	35	27.6%	67	33.8%
	中唇middle	69	54.3%	89	45.0%
	厚唇thick	23	18.1%	42	21.2%

指标Items	男Male				女Female				t检验
	均值	标准差 σ	变异范围Range		均值	标准差 σ	变异范围Range
	均值	标准差 σ	X_min	X_max	均值	标准差 σ	X_min	X_max
头长l of head	186.5	6.8	171.0	213.0	177.8	5.4	163.0	191.0	**
头宽b of head	145.9	6.0	133.0	160.0	139.0	5.8	124.0	163.0	**
额最小宽b_min of frontal	100.1	4.9	90.0	115.0	98.5	4.6	87.0	108.0	**
面宽b of face	140.7	5.6	125.0	156.0	134.6	4.6	124.0	153.0	**
下颌角间宽b of bigonial	109.6	6.3	95.0	133.0	103.2	5.8	85.0	124.0	**
眼内角间宽b of interocular	35.2	2.3	29.0	45.0	34.9	2.5	27.0	44.0
眼外角间宽b of external binocular	94.5	3.9	85.0	106.0	91.3	4.4	80.0	102.0	**
鼻宽b of nose	42.5	2.9	35.0	51.0	40.0	3.0	33.0	47.0	**
口裂宽b of mouth	56.0	4.1	43.0	68.0	53.3	3.8	45.0	65.0	**
耳上头高h of auricular	124.7	9.9	95.0	174.0	121.4	9.7	94.0	150.0	**
容貌面高h of physiognomic face	187.6	7.4	167.0	199.0	179.2	8.0	160.0	196.0	**
形态面高h of morphological face	115.3	5.9	97.0	134.0	110.3	5.5	94.0	123.0	**
鼻高h of nose	50.6	3.0	43.0	59.0	48.6	3.0	40.0	57.0	**
鼻长l of nose	46.2	3.1	39.0	53.0	42.6	3.4	33.0	51.0	**
上唇高度h of upper lip	18.1	2.8	12.0	25.0	17.1	2.6	10.0	25.0	**
唇高h of lip	17.7	3.8	8.0	26.0	17.6	4.1	8.0	30.0
容貌耳长l of physiognomic ear	67.8	4.6	56.0	77.0	64.2	5.2	42.0	82.0	**
容貌耳宽b of physiognomic ear	35.7	2.7	30.0	42.0	34.0	2.4	27.0	40.0	**
头水平周长C of head	562.2	16.9	524.0	624.0	551.7	14.7	508.0	615.0	**
身高h of body	1579.3	55.8	1373.0	1763.0	1485.6	52.7	1326.0	1599.0	**
耳屏点高h of tragion	1454.6	54.4	1249.0	1632.0	1364.2	52.3	1185.0	1473.0	**
肩峰点高h of acromion	1297.5	47.8	1203.0	1469.0	1219.2	46.2	1072.0	1338.0	**
胸上缘高h of suprasternal	1288.2	48.4	1178.0	1454.0	1210.9	48.1	1059.0	1448.0	**
桡骨点高h of radiale	977.0	39.7	904.0	1100.0	923.2	38.2	812.0	1015.0	**
桡骨茎突点高h of radiale stylion	759.1	39.1	640.0	870.0	719.5	35.3	613.0	802.0	**
中指指尖点高h of middle finger tip	575.2	34.0	478.0	659.0	542.2	36.4	416.9	620.0	**
髂前上棘点高h of iliospinale anterior	880.2	38.4	741.0	972.0	828.8	38.6	718.0	910.0	**
胫骨上点高h of tibiale	432.6	25.1	375.0	533.0	409.6	21.8	363.0	491.0	**
内踝下点高h of foot	70.7	4.9	58.0	81.0	61.1	4.9	49.0	75.0	**
坐高h in sitting	822.9	37.3	724.0	927.0	782.0	37.7	649.0	895.0	**
躯干前高h of suprasteral notch	531.9	38.4	429.0	685.0	507.3	38.4	375.0	774.0	**
肩宽b of shoulder	395.3	20.4	350.0	447.0	361.9	17.0	318.0	404.0	**
骨盆宽b of crista iliaca	285.8	15.4	239.0	334.0	293.0	14.4	253.0	329.0	**
上肢全长l of upper extremity	722.3	33.3	651.0	828.0	677.0	31.2	611.0	788.0	**
全臂长l of total arm	538.4	26.4	466.0	600.0	499.7	26.4	439.0	609.0	**
上臂长l of upper arm	320.4	18.6	269.0	378.0	295.9	22.1	203.0	374.0	**
前臂长l of fore arm	218.0	18.8	171.0	283.0	203.8	20.1	157.0	278.0	**
手长l of hand	183.9	19.7	130.0	229.0	177.3	18.4	134.0	230.0	**
手宽b of hand	81.0	4.1	70.0	92.0	73.8	3.4	65.0	85.0	**
下肢全长l of lower extremity	850.2	36.3	721.0	932.0	805.2	36.0	698.0	880.0	**
全腿长l of leg	777.1	35.3	651.0	863.0	736.9	36.0	638.0	816.0	**
大腿长l of thigh	416.3	27.1	327.0	480.0	389.8	30.7	287.0	470.0	**
小腿长 l of lower leg	361.9	23.9	303.0	452.0	348.5	21.3	302.0	429.0	**
足长l of foot	233.4	11.2	189.0	265.0	217.9	9.9	188.0	251.0	**
足宽 b of foot	95.4	6.4	77.0	117.0	87.2	5.3	74.0	103.0	**
平静胸围C of chest	916.3	66.9	744.0	1135.0	904.8	68.7	774.0	1101.0
臀围C of hip	926.3	60.9	802.0	1153.0	946.3	75.6	798.0	1172.0	**
肱骨内外上髁间径 d of humerus biepicondylar	64.3	4.2	52.0	78.0	56.9	4.0	48.0	72.0	**
股骨内外上髁间径 d of femur biepicondylar	84.5	5.6	74.0	103.0	80.0	5.3	68.0	98.0	**
体质量m of body (kg)	60.8	11.2	39.1	105.1	56.0	10.1	36.0	89.0	**

指标Items	男Male				女Female				t检验
	均值	标准差 σ	变异范围Range		均值	标准差 σ	变异范围Range
	均值	标准差 σ	X_min	X_max	均值	标准差 σ	X_min	X_max
头长l of head	186.5	6.8	171.0	213.0	177.8	5.4	163.0	191.0	**
头宽b of head	145.9	6.0	133.0	160.0	139.0	5.8	124.0	163.0	**
额最小宽b_min of frontal	100.1	4.9	90.0	115.0	98.5	4.6	87.0	108.0	**
面宽b of face	140.7	5.6	125.0	156.0	134.6	4.6	124.0	153.0	**
下颌角间宽b of bigonial	109.6	6.3	95.0	133.0	103.2	5.8	85.0	124.0	**
眼内角间宽b of interocular	35.2	2.3	29.0	45.0	34.9	2.5	27.0	44.0
眼外角间宽b of external binocular	94.5	3.9	85.0	106.0	91.3	4.4	80.0	102.0	**
鼻宽b of nose	42.5	2.9	35.0	51.0	40.0	3.0	33.0	47.0	**
口裂宽b of mouth	56.0	4.1	43.0	68.0	53.3	3.8	45.0	65.0	**
耳上头高h of auricular	124.7	9.9	95.0	174.0	121.4	9.7	94.0	150.0	**
容貌面高h of physiognomic face	187.6	7.4	167.0	199.0	179.2	8.0	160.0	196.0	**
形态面高h of morphological face	115.3	5.9	97.0	134.0	110.3	5.5	94.0	123.0	**
鼻高h of nose	50.6	3.0	43.0	59.0	48.6	3.0	40.0	57.0	**
鼻长l of nose	46.2	3.1	39.0	53.0	42.6	3.4	33.0	51.0	**
上唇高度h of upper lip	18.1	2.8	12.0	25.0	17.1	2.6	10.0	25.0	**
唇高h of lip	17.7	3.8	8.0	26.0	17.6	4.1	8.0	30.0
容貌耳长l of physiognomic ear	67.8	4.6	56.0	77.0	64.2	5.2	42.0	82.0	**
容貌耳宽b of physiognomic ear	35.7	2.7	30.0	42.0	34.0	2.4	27.0	40.0	**
头水平周长C of head	562.2	16.9	524.0	624.0	551.7	14.7	508.0	615.0	**
身高h of body	1579.3	55.8	1373.0	1763.0	1485.6	52.7	1326.0	1599.0	**
耳屏点高h of tragion	1454.6	54.4	1249.0	1632.0	1364.2	52.3	1185.0	1473.0	**
肩峰点高h of acromion	1297.5	47.8	1203.0	1469.0	1219.2	46.2	1072.0	1338.0	**
胸上缘高h of suprasternal	1288.2	48.4	1178.0	1454.0	1210.9	48.1	1059.0	1448.0	**
桡骨点高h of radiale	977.0	39.7	904.0	1100.0	923.2	38.2	812.0	1015.0	**
桡骨茎突点高h of radiale stylion	759.1	39.1	640.0	870.0	719.5	35.3	613.0	802.0	**
中指指尖点高h of middle finger tip	575.2	34.0	478.0	659.0	542.2	36.4	416.9	620.0	**
髂前上棘点高h of iliospinale anterior	880.2	38.4	741.0	972.0	828.8	38.6	718.0	910.0	**
胫骨上点高h of tibiale	432.6	25.1	375.0	533.0	409.6	21.8	363.0	491.0	**
内踝下点高h of foot	70.7	4.9	58.0	81.0	61.1	4.9	49.0	75.0	**
坐高h in sitting	822.9	37.3	724.0	927.0	782.0	37.7	649.0	895.0	**
躯干前高h of suprasteral notch	531.9	38.4	429.0	685.0	507.3	38.4	375.0	774.0	**
肩宽b of shoulder	395.3	20.4	350.0	447.0	361.9	17.0	318.0	404.0	**
骨盆宽b of crista iliaca	285.8	15.4	239.0	334.0	293.0	14.4	253.0	329.0	**
上肢全长l of upper extremity	722.3	33.3	651.0	828.0	677.0	31.2	611.0	788.0	**
全臂长l of total arm	538.4	26.4	466.0	600.0	499.7	26.4	439.0	609.0	**
上臂长l of upper arm	320.4	18.6	269.0	378.0	295.9	22.1	203.0	374.0	**
前臂长l of fore arm	218.0	18.8	171.0	283.0	203.8	20.1	157.0	278.0	**
手长l of hand	183.9	19.7	130.0	229.0	177.3	18.4	134.0	230.0	**
手宽b of hand	81.0	4.1	70.0	92.0	73.8	3.4	65.0	85.0	**
下肢全长l of lower extremity	850.2	36.3	721.0	932.0	805.2	36.0	698.0	880.0	**
全腿长l of leg	777.1	35.3	651.0	863.0	736.9	36.0	638.0	816.0	**
大腿长l of thigh	416.3	27.1	327.0	480.0	389.8	30.7	287.0	470.0	**
小腿长 l of lower leg	361.9	23.9	303.0	452.0	348.5	21.3	302.0	429.0	**
足长l of foot	233.4	11.2	189.0	265.0	217.9	9.9	188.0	251.0	**
足宽 b of foot	95.4	6.4	77.0	117.0	87.2	5.3	74.0	103.0	**
平静胸围C of chest	916.3	66.9	744.0	1135.0	904.8	68.7	774.0	1101.0
臀围C of hip	926.3	60.9	802.0	1153.0	946.3	75.6	798.0	1172.0	**
肱骨内外上髁间径 d of humerus biepicondylar	64.3	4.2	52.0	78.0	56.9	4.0	48.0	72.0	**
股骨内外上髁间径 d of femur biepicondylar	84.5	5.6	74.0	103.0	80.0	5.3	68.0	98.0	**
体质量m of body (kg)	60.8	11.2	39.1	105.1	56.0	10.1	36.0	89.0	**

指数Index	类型Types	男Male		女Female		卡方检验Chi-square test
指数Index	类型Types	数量n	占比%	数量n	占比%	卡方检验Chi-square test
头长宽指数b/l of head	特长头型 Hyperdolichocephaly (≤70.9)	3	2.4%	1	0.5%
	长头型Dolichocephaly（71.0-75.9）	34	26.8%	50	25.3%
	中头型Mesocephaly（76.0-80.9）	61	48.0%	114	57.6%
	圆头型Brachycephaly（81.0-85.4）	23	18.1%	26	13.1%
	特圆头型Hyperbrachycephaly（85.5-90.9）	6	4.7%	6	3.0%
	超圆头型 Ultrabrachycephaly (≥91.0)	0	0.0%	1	0.5%
头长高指数h/l of head	低头型Chamaecephalic（≤57.6）	6	4.7%	6	3.0%
	正头型 Orthocephalic (57.7-62.5)	18	14.2%	23	11.6%
	高头型 Hypsicephalic (≥62.6)	103	81.1%	169	85.4%
头宽高指数h/b of head	阔头型 Tapeinocephalic（I≤78.9）	19	15.0%	23	11.6%
	中头型 Metriocephalic（79.0≤I<84.9）	37	29.1%	48	24.2%
	狭头型 Acrocephalic（I≥85.0）	71	55.9%	127	64.1%
形态面指数h/b of morphological face	超阔面型Hypereuryprosopy (I_m≤78.9, I_f≤76.9)	28	22.1%	24	12.1%	**
	阔面型Euryprosopy (79.0≤I_m<83.9, 77.0≤I_f<80.9)	60	47.2%	55	27.8%
	中面型Mesoprosopy (84.0≤I_m<87.9, 81.0≤I_f<84.9)	31	24.4%	71	35.9%
	狭面型 Leptoprosopy (88.0≤I_m<92.9, 85.0≤I_f<89.9)	8	6.3%	43	21.7%
	超狭面型Hyperleptoprosopy (I_m≥93.0, I_f≥90.0)	0	0.0%	5	2.5%
鼻指数b/h of nose	狭鼻型Leptorrhiny (55.0≤I<69.9)	2	1.6%	11	5.6%
	中鼻型Mesorrhiny (70.0≤I<84.9)	71	55.9%	112	56.6%
	阔鼻型Platyrrhiny (85.0≤I<99.9)	52	40.9%	71	35.9%
	超阔鼻型Hyperplatyrrhiny(100≤I<114.9)	2	1.6%	4	2.0%
身高坐高指数h(sitting)/h(body)	短躯干型 Short trunk (I_m≤50.9, I_f≤51.9)	31	24.4%	57	28.8%
	中躯干型 Medium trunk (51.0≤I_m<53.0, 52.0≤I_f<54.0)	60	47.2%	106	53.5%
	长躯干型Long trunk (I_m≥53.1, I_f≥54.1)	36	28.4%	35	17.7%
马氏躯干腿长指数h/h of manouvrier’s skelic	超短腿型 Hyperbrachyskelic（I≤74.9）	0	0.0%	1	0.5%
	短腿型 Brachyskelic (75.0≤I<79.9)	1	0.8%	6	3.0%
	亚短腿型 Subbrachyskelic (80.0≤I<84.9)	16	12.6%	27	13.6%
	中腿型Mesatiskelic (85.0≤I<89.9)	29	22.8%	71	35.9%
	亚长腿型Submakroskelic (90.0≤I<94.9)	46	36.2%	53	26.8%
	长腿型Makroskelic (95.0≤I<99.9)	22	17.3%	29	14.6%
	超长腿型Hypermakroskelic (I≥100.0)	13	10.2%	11	5.6%
身高胸围指数C(chest)/h(body)	窄胸型 Narrow chest (I<51)	5	3.9%	2	1.0%	**
	中胸型 Middle chest (51≤I<56)	31	24.4%	21	10.6%
	宽胸型Wide chest (I>56)	91	71.7%	175	88.4%
身高肩宽指数b(shoulder)/h(body)	中肩型Mediun shoulder (22.0≤I_m<23.0, 21.5≤I_f<22.5)	1	0.8%	2	1.0%
身高肩宽指数b(shoulder)/h(body)	宽肩型Wide shoulder (I_m≥23.1, I_f≥22.6)	126	99.2%	196	99.0%
身高骨盆宽指数b(crista iliaca)/h(body)	窄骨盆型Narrow crista iliaca (I_m≤16.4, I_f≤17.4)	0	0.0%	3	1.5%	*
	中骨盆型 Medium crista iliaca (16.5≤I_m<17.5, 17.5≤I_f<18.5)	34	26.8%	29	14.6%
	宽骨盆型Wide crista iliaca (I_m≥17.6, I_f≥18.6)	93	73.2%	166	83.8%
身高类型h types of stature(mm)	很矮Very short (h_m≤1499, h_f≤1399)	6	4.7%	12	6.1%	*
	矮Short (1500≤h_m<1599, 1400≤h_f<1489)	75	59.1%	88	44.4%
	亚中等Sub-medium (1600≤h_m<1639, 1490≤h_f<1529)	31	24.4%	53	26.8%
	中等Medium (1640≤h_m<1669, 1530≤h_f<1559)	9	7.1%	32	16.2%
	超中等Ultra-medium (1670≤h_m<1699, 1560≤h_f<1589)	4	3.1%	10	5.1%
	高 Tall (1700≤h_m<1799, 1590≤h_f<1679)	2	1.6%	3	1.5%