Abstract: We have observed the oral conditions of Emperor Wan Li of the Ming Dynasty and his two queens.The results are as follows:
Emperor Wan Li had caries, severe periodontitis, abrasion of the teeth about 1 degree, cervicolabial V-shaped defects of the teeth, dental fluorosis of all his teeth and he had a habit of unilateral mastication (mastication on the right side).
Queen Xiao Duan had no caries. She had only mild Periodontitis and teeth abrasion of approximately 1 degree.
Queen Xiao Jing had 12 cavities, mild periodontitis, occlusal attrition below 1 degree and labial V-shaped defects.

Key words: The Ming Dynasty; Caries; Periodontitis; Dental fluorosis