Acta Anthropologica Sinica ›› 2019, Vol. 38 ›› Issue (01): 107-118.doi: 10.16359/j.cnki.cn11-1963/q.2019.0008
Previous Articles Next Articles
ZHANG Yajun1(
), TONG Tao1, LI Linhui2, Trinle Tsering2
Received:2018-03-27
Revised:2018-08-02
Online:2019-02-15
Published:2020-09-15
CLC Number:
ZHANG Yajun, TONG Tao, LI Linhui, Trinle Tsering. The relationship between tooth wear and diet of the Gurugyam people in Tibet[J]. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2019, 38(01): 107-118.
Add to citation manager EndNote|Ris|BibTeX
URL: https://www.anthropol.ac.cn/EN/10.16359/j.cnki.cn11-1963/q.2019.0008
| 墓号 | 性别 | 年龄（岁） |
|---|---|---|
| 2012M3 | ♂ | 25± |
| 2012M3:1 | ♀ | 30± |
| 2013M1:1 | ♀ | 25± |
| 2013M1:3 | ♂ | 40-45 |
| 2013M1:4 | ♂ | 25± |
| 2013M1:7 | ♂ | 35-40 |
| 2013M1:8 | ♂ | 40-45 |
| 2013M2:3 | ♀ | 40-45 |
| 2014M1:2 | ♀ | 30± |
Tab.1 The sex and age of human samples from Gurugyam cemetery
| 墓号 | 性别 | 年龄（岁） |
|---|---|---|
| 2012M3 | ♂ | 25± |
| 2012M3:1 | ♀ | 30± |
| 2013M1:1 | ♀ | 25± |
| 2013M1:3 | ♂ | 40-45 |
| 2013M1:4 | ♂ | 25± |
| 2013M1:7 | ♂ | 35-40 |
| 2013M1:8 | ♂ | 40-45 |
| 2013M2:3 | ♀ | 40-45 |
| 2014M1:2 | ♀ | 30± |
| 类型 | 男性 | 女性 | 总计 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 上颌 | 下颌 | 合计 | 上颌 | 下颌 | 合计 | ||
| I1 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 7 |
| I2 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 9 |
| C | 3 | 6 | 9 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 13 |
| P1 | 8 | 5 | 13 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 18 |
| P2 | 4 | 4 | 8 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 13 |
| M1 | 9 | 9 | 18 | 5 | 4 | 9 | 27 |
| M2 | 2 | 7 | 9 | 4 | 1 | 5 | 14 |
| M3 | 2 | 5 | 7 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 10 |
| 总计 | 32 | 41 | 73 | 19 | 19 | 38 | 111 |
Tab.2 The used human dental specimens from Gurugyam cemetery
| 类型 | 男性 | 女性 | 总计 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 上颌 | 下颌 | 合计 | 上颌 | 下颌 | 合计 | ||
| I1 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 7 |
| I2 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 9 |
| C | 3 | 6 | 9 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 13 |
| P1 | 8 | 5 | 13 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 18 |
| P2 | 4 | 4 | 8 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 13 |
| M1 | 9 | 9 | 18 | 5 | 4 | 9 | 27 |
| M2 | 2 | 7 | 9 | 4 | 1 | 5 | 14 |
| M3 | 2 | 5 | 7 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 10 |
| 总计 | 32 | 41 | 73 | 19 | 19 | 38 | 111 |
| 分级 | 门齿和犬齿 | 前臼齿 | 臼齿 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1级 | 未磨耗,或略有磨耗,出现小的磨耗面,但无齿质暴露 | 未磨耗,或略有磨耗,出现小的磨耗面,但无齿质暴露 | 未磨耗,或略有磨耗,出现小的磨耗面,但无齿质暴露 |
| 2级 | 点状或头发丝状齿质暴露 | 中度齿尖磨耗缺失,齿尖呈圆钝状 | 中度齿尖磨耗缺失,齿尖呈圆钝状。磨耗面釉质变薄(似人乳齿或黑猩猩臼齿状),或齿尖部可呈现一个小点状齿质暴露 |
| 3级 | 出现明显的线状齿质暴露 | 整个齿尖磨耗消失,或中度齿质片状暴露 | 整个齿尖磨平,或出现若干点状或中度的齿质暴露 |
| 4级 | 中度齿质暴露,已不呈线状 | 至少一侧齿尖大片状齿质暴露 | 出现若干大的齿质暴露,但彼此仍各自独立 |
| 5级 | 齿质大片状暴露,但围绕齿冠的环状釉质仍完整存在 | 出现两个大的齿质暴露区,并可能轻度融合 | 两个齿质暴露区互相融合 |
| 6级 | 齿质大片暴露,一侧环状釉质缺失,或仅保留有非常细的釉质环 | 齿质暴露区完全融合,但环绕四周的釉质环仍完整 | 三个齿质暴露区互相融合,或四个齿质暴露区互相融合,出现咬合面中央釉质岛 |
| 7级 | 釉质环两侧缺失,或仅残存齿冠釉质 | 齿质完全暴露,至少一侧釉质环缺失 | 整个咬合面齿质暴露,周围釉质环大致完整 |
| 8级 | 齿冠全部磨耗缺失,无釉质残存;齿冠表面呈齿根形态 | 齿冠重度磨耗,高度明显减低;齿冠表面呈齿根形态 | 齿冠严重磨耗,高度减低,釉质环丧失;齿冠表面呈齿根形态 |
Tab.3 The criteria to human tooth score
| 分级 | 门齿和犬齿 | 前臼齿 | 臼齿 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1级 | 未磨耗,或略有磨耗,出现小的磨耗面,但无齿质暴露 | 未磨耗,或略有磨耗,出现小的磨耗面,但无齿质暴露 | 未磨耗,或略有磨耗,出现小的磨耗面,但无齿质暴露 |
| 2级 | 点状或头发丝状齿质暴露 | 中度齿尖磨耗缺失,齿尖呈圆钝状 | 中度齿尖磨耗缺失,齿尖呈圆钝状。磨耗面釉质变薄(似人乳齿或黑猩猩臼齿状),或齿尖部可呈现一个小点状齿质暴露 |
| 3级 | 出现明显的线状齿质暴露 | 整个齿尖磨耗消失,或中度齿质片状暴露 | 整个齿尖磨平,或出现若干点状或中度的齿质暴露 |
| 4级 | 中度齿质暴露,已不呈线状 | 至少一侧齿尖大片状齿质暴露 | 出现若干大的齿质暴露,但彼此仍各自独立 |
| 5级 | 齿质大片状暴露,但围绕齿冠的环状釉质仍完整存在 | 出现两个大的齿质暴露区,并可能轻度融合 | 两个齿质暴露区互相融合 |
| 6级 | 齿质大片暴露,一侧环状釉质缺失,或仅保留有非常细的釉质环 | 齿质暴露区完全融合,但环绕四周的釉质环仍完整 | 三个齿质暴露区互相融合,或四个齿质暴露区互相融合,出现咬合面中央釉质岛 |
| 7级 | 釉质环两侧缺失,或仅残存齿冠釉质 | 齿质完全暴露,至少一侧釉质环缺失 | 整个咬合面齿质暴露,周围釉质环大致完整 |
| 8级 | 齿冠全部磨耗缺失,无釉质残存;齿冠表面呈齿根形态 | 齿冠重度磨耗,高度明显减低;齿冠表面呈齿根形态 | 齿冠严重磨耗,高度减低,釉质环丧失;齿冠表面呈齿根形态 |
Fig.1 The show of tooth wear stages by Smith
| 牙齿 类别 | 牙齿 数目 | 各磨耗级别出现率百分比 | 平均磨 耗等级 | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1级 | 2级 | 3级 | 4级 | 5级 | 6级 | 7级 | 8级 | |||||
| 上颌 | M3 | 3 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 66.67 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 33.33 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 3.75 | |
| M2 | 6 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 50.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 50.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 4.88 | ||
| M1 | 14 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 7.14 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 64.29 | 7.14 | 21.43 | 6.21 | ||
| P2 | 6 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 83.33 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 16.67 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 3.38 | ||
| P1 | 10 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 70.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 20.00 | 10.00 | 0.00 | 3.63 | ||
| C | 5 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 60.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 40.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 4.13 | ||
| I2 | 4 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 75.00 | 0.00 | 25.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 3.50 | ||
| I1 | 3 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 33.33 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 66.67 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 4.50 | ||
| 下颌 | I1 | 4 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 42.86 | 0.00 | 28.57 | 0.00 | 28.57 | 0.00 | 4.50 | |
| I2 | 5 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 37.50 | 0.00 | 37.50 | 0.00 | 25.00 | 0.00 | 4.75 | ||
| C | 8 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 23.08 | 0.00 | 15.38 | 38.46 | 23.08 | 0.00 | 4.38 | ||
| P1 | 8 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 57.14 | 0.00 | 14.29 | 0.00 | 28.57 | 0.00 | 4.63 | ||
| P2 | 7 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 50.00 | 0.00 | 12.50 | 0.00 | 37.50 | 0.00 | 4.50 | ||
| M1 | 13 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 37.50 | 0.00 | 25.00 | 0.00 | 37.50 | 0.00 | 4.93 | ||
| M2 | 8 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 40.00 | 0.00 | 20.00 | 0.00 | 40.00 | 0.00 | 4.00 | ||
| M3 | 7 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 50.00 | 0.00 | 25.00 | 0.00 | 25.00 | 0.00 | 4.25 | ||
Tab.4 The mean and frequencies of every stages of tooth wear in Gurugyam ancient people
| 牙齿 类别 | 牙齿 数目 | 各磨耗级别出现率百分比 | 平均磨 耗等级 | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1级 | 2级 | 3级 | 4级 | 5级 | 6级 | 7级 | 8级 | |||||
| 上颌 | M3 | 3 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 66.67 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 33.33 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 3.75 | |
| M2 | 6 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 50.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 50.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 4.88 | ||
| M1 | 14 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 7.14 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 64.29 | 7.14 | 21.43 | 6.21 | ||
| P2 | 6 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 83.33 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 16.67 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 3.38 | ||
| P1 | 10 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 70.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 20.00 | 10.00 | 0.00 | 3.63 | ||
| C | 5 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 60.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 40.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 4.13 | ||
| I2 | 4 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 75.00 | 0.00 | 25.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 3.50 | ||
| I1 | 3 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 33.33 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 66.67 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 4.50 | ||
| 下颌 | I1 | 4 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 42.86 | 0.00 | 28.57 | 0.00 | 28.57 | 0.00 | 4.50 | |
| I2 | 5 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 37.50 | 0.00 | 37.50 | 0.00 | 25.00 | 0.00 | 4.75 | ||
| C | 8 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 23.08 | 0.00 | 15.38 | 38.46 | 23.08 | 0.00 | 4.38 | ||
| P1 | 8 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 57.14 | 0.00 | 14.29 | 0.00 | 28.57 | 0.00 | 4.63 | ||
| P2 | 7 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 50.00 | 0.00 | 12.50 | 0.00 | 37.50 | 0.00 | 4.50 | ||
| M1 | 13 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 37.50 | 0.00 | 25.00 | 0.00 | 37.50 | 0.00 | 4.93 | ||
| M2 | 8 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 40.00 | 0.00 | 20.00 | 0.00 | 40.00 | 0.00 | 4.00 | ||
| M3 | 7 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 50.00 | 0.00 | 25.00 | 0.00 | 25.00 | 0.00 | 4.25 | ||
| 对比组 | 主要经济类型 | I1 | I2 | C | P1 | P2 | M1 | M2 | M3 | 平均磨耗等级 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 上颌 故如甲木组 | 牧业为主 | 4.50 | 3.50 | 4.13 | 3.63 | 3.38 | 6.21 | 4.88 | 3.75 | 4.25 |
| 下王岗组 | 初级农业 | 3.50 | 3.10 | 3.60 | 3.30 | 3.50 | 4.60 | 3.40 | 2.50 | 3.44 |
| 游邀组 | 原始农耕 | 3.10 | 3.60 | 4.30 | 4.50 | 4.50 | 5.00 | 3.50 | 2.50 | 3.88 |
| 西山组 | 小米农业 | 3.90 | 3.50 | 3.50 | 3.20 | 2.40 | 3.50 | 3.30 | 1.30 | 3.08 |
| 土城子组 | 农耕为主 | 4.05 | 3.44 | 4.22 | 4.13 | 3.84 | 4.73 | 4.1 | 2.67 | 3.90 |
| 洋海组 | 农牧兼营 | 4.90 | 4.70 | 4.00 | 3.70 | 4.00 | 5.00 | 3.70 | 2.00 | 4.00 |
| 穷克科组 | 畜牧业发达 | 5.00 | 5.00 | 4.30 | 5.20 | 4.90 | 5.90 | 3.70 | 2.30 | 4.54 |
| 营盘组 | 农牧并举 | 4.00 | 4.00 | 3.10 | 2.60 | 4.30 | 5.10 | 4.10 | 3.00 | 3.78 |
| 下颌 故如甲木组 | 牧业为主 | 4.50 | 4.75 | 4.38 | 4.63 | 4.50 | 4.93 | 4.00 | 4.25 | 4.49 |
| 下王岗组 | 初级农业 | 3.70 | 3.50 | 3.80 | 3.20 | 3.40 | 4.50 | 4.00 | 2.70 | 3.60 |
| 游邀组 | 原始农耕 | 4.10 | 3.90 | 4.10 | 4.40 | 4.00 | 5.10 | 4.60 | 2.60 | 4.10 |
| 西山组 | 小米农业 | 3.20 | 3.30 | 2.90 | 2.50 | 2.60 | 4.30 | 3.30 | 2.00 | 3.01 |
| 土城子组 | 农耕为主 | 4.26 | 4.06 | 4.07 | 4.01 | 3.58 | 4.61 | 4.44 | 3.04 | 4.01 |
| 洋海组 | 农牧兼营 | 4.00 | 3.80 | 3.90 | 3.50 | 3.30 | 4.50 | 3.60 | 2.30 | 3.61 |
| 穷克科组 | 畜牧业发达 | 4.40 | 4.30 | 4.30 | 3.90 | 3.70 | 5.30 | 3.90 | 4.60 | 4.30 |
| 营盘组 | 农牧并举 | 4.10 | 3.90 | 3.80 | 3.50 | 3.70 | 5.40 | 4.40 | 3.60 | 4.05 |
Tab.5 The mean of tooth wear among comparable groups
| 对比组 | 主要经济类型 | I1 | I2 | C | P1 | P2 | M1 | M2 | M3 | 平均磨耗等级 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 上颌 故如甲木组 | 牧业为主 | 4.50 | 3.50 | 4.13 | 3.63 | 3.38 | 6.21 | 4.88 | 3.75 | 4.25 |
| 下王岗组 | 初级农业 | 3.50 | 3.10 | 3.60 | 3.30 | 3.50 | 4.60 | 3.40 | 2.50 | 3.44 |
| 游邀组 | 原始农耕 | 3.10 | 3.60 | 4.30 | 4.50 | 4.50 | 5.00 | 3.50 | 2.50 | 3.88 |
| 西山组 | 小米农业 | 3.90 | 3.50 | 3.50 | 3.20 | 2.40 | 3.50 | 3.30 | 1.30 | 3.08 |
| 土城子组 | 农耕为主 | 4.05 | 3.44 | 4.22 | 4.13 | 3.84 | 4.73 | 4.1 | 2.67 | 3.90 |
| 洋海组 | 农牧兼营 | 4.90 | 4.70 | 4.00 | 3.70 | 4.00 | 5.00 | 3.70 | 2.00 | 4.00 |
| 穷克科组 | 畜牧业发达 | 5.00 | 5.00 | 4.30 | 5.20 | 4.90 | 5.90 | 3.70 | 2.30 | 4.54 |
| 营盘组 | 农牧并举 | 4.00 | 4.00 | 3.10 | 2.60 | 4.30 | 5.10 | 4.10 | 3.00 | 3.78 |
| 下颌 故如甲木组 | 牧业为主 | 4.50 | 4.75 | 4.38 | 4.63 | 4.50 | 4.93 | 4.00 | 4.25 | 4.49 |
| 下王岗组 | 初级农业 | 3.70 | 3.50 | 3.80 | 3.20 | 3.40 | 4.50 | 4.00 | 2.70 | 3.60 |
| 游邀组 | 原始农耕 | 4.10 | 3.90 | 4.10 | 4.40 | 4.00 | 5.10 | 4.60 | 2.60 | 4.10 |
| 西山组 | 小米农业 | 3.20 | 3.30 | 2.90 | 2.50 | 2.60 | 4.30 | 3.30 | 2.00 | 3.01 |
| 土城子组 | 农耕为主 | 4.26 | 4.06 | 4.07 | 4.01 | 3.58 | 4.61 | 4.44 | 3.04 | 4.01 |
| 洋海组 | 农牧兼营 | 4.00 | 3.80 | 3.90 | 3.50 | 3.30 | 4.50 | 3.60 | 2.30 | 3.61 |
| 穷克科组 | 畜牧业发达 | 4.40 | 4.30 | 4.30 | 3.90 | 3.70 | 5.30 | 3.90 | 4.60 | 4.30 |
| 营盘组 | 农牧并举 | 4.10 | 3.90 | 3.80 | 3.50 | 3.70 | 5.40 | 4.40 | 3.60 | 4.05 |
| 对比组groups | 平均磨耗等级 | I1/M1 | I1-2 C/M1-2 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 上颌 | 下颌 | 上下颌平均值 | 上颌 | 下颌 | 上下颌平均值 | |||
| 故如甲木Gurugyam | 4.4 | 0.72 | 0.91 | 0.82 | 0.73 | 1.02 | 0.88 | |
| 下王岗Xiawanggang | 3.7 | 0.76 | 0.82 | 0.79 | 0.85 | 0.86 | 0.86 | |
| 游邀Youyao | 4.2 | 0.62 | 0.80 | 0.71 | 0.86 | 0.83 | 0.85 | |
| 西山Xishan | 3.3 | 1.11 | 0.74 | 0.93 | 1.07 | 0.82 | 0.95 | |
| 土城子Tuchengzi | 4.1 | 0.86 | 0.92 | 0.89 | 0.88 | 0.91 | 0.90 | |
| 洋海Yanghai | 4.1 | 0.98 | 0.89 | 0.94 | 1.04 | 0.96 | 1.00 | |
| 穷克科Qiongkeke | 4.6 | 0.85 | 0.83 | 0.84 | 0.99 | 0.94 | 0.97 | |
| 营盘Yingpan | 4.0 | 0.78 | 0.76 | 0.77 | 0.80 | 0.80 | 0.80 | |
Tab.6 The indices of anterior / posterior tooth wear difference among comparable groups
| 对比组groups | 平均磨耗等级 | I1/M1 | I1-2 C/M1-2 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 上颌 | 下颌 | 上下颌平均值 | 上颌 | 下颌 | 上下颌平均值 | |||
| 故如甲木Gurugyam | 4.4 | 0.72 | 0.91 | 0.82 | 0.73 | 1.02 | 0.88 | |
| 下王岗Xiawanggang | 3.7 | 0.76 | 0.82 | 0.79 | 0.85 | 0.86 | 0.86 | |
| 游邀Youyao | 4.2 | 0.62 | 0.80 | 0.71 | 0.86 | 0.83 | 0.85 | |
| 西山Xishan | 3.3 | 1.11 | 0.74 | 0.93 | 1.07 | 0.82 | 0.95 | |
| 土城子Tuchengzi | 4.1 | 0.86 | 0.92 | 0.89 | 0.88 | 0.91 | 0.90 | |
| 洋海Yanghai | 4.1 | 0.98 | 0.89 | 0.94 | 1.04 | 0.96 | 1.00 | |
| 穷克科Qiongkeke | 4.6 | 0.85 | 0.83 | 0.84 | 0.99 | 0.94 | 0.97 | |
| 营盘Yingpan | 4.0 | 0.78 | 0.76 | 0.77 | 0.80 | 0.80 | 0.80 | |
Fig.2 The mean of tooth wear for all comparable groups（upper jaw）
Fig.3 Themean of tooth wear for all comparable groups (low jaw)
Fig.4 The mean of tooth wear for all comparable groups
Fig.5 The indices of anterior/posterior tooth wear differences among all comparable groups
Fig.6 The tooth wear from Gurugyam ancient population
| [1] |
Molnar S. Human tooth wear, tooth function and cultural variability[J]. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 1971,34:175-190
doi: 10.1002/ajpa.1330340204 URL pmid: 5572602 |
| [2] |
Turner CG, Machado LC. A new dental wear pattern and evidence for high carbohydrate consumption in a Brazilian archaic skeletal population[J]. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 1983,61:125-130
doi: 10.1002/ajpa.1330610113 URL pmid: 6869509 |
| [3] |
Irish JD, Turner CG. More lingual surface attrition of the maxillary anterior teeth in American Indians: Prehistoric Panamanians[J]. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 1987,73:209-213
doi: 10.1002/ajpa.1330730207 URL pmid: 3303956 |
| [4] | 刘武, 张全超, 吴秀杰, 等. 新疆及内蒙古地区青铜-铁器时代居民牙齿磨耗及健康状况的分析[J]. 人类学学报, 2005,24(1):32-53 |
| [5] | 何嘉宁. 陶寺、上马、延庆古代人群臼齿磨耗速率的比较研究[J]. 人类学学报, 2007,26(2):116-124 |
| [6] | 张全超, 张雯欣, 等. 新疆吐鲁番加依墓地青铜-铁器时代居民牙齿的磨耗[J].人类学学报 2017, 36(4):438-455 |
| [7] | 周蜜, 潘雷, 等. 湖北郧县青龙泉新石器时代居民牙齿磨耗及健康状况[J]. 人类学学报, 2013,32(3):330-344 |
| [8] | 贺乐天, 朱泓, 等. 新疆罗布泊小河墓地居民的口腔健康与饮食[J]. 人类学学报, 2014,33(4):497-509 |
| [9] | 中国社会科学院考古研究所, 西藏自治区文物保护研究所. 西藏阿里地区噶尔县故如甲木墓地2012年发掘报告[J]. 考古学报, 2014,4:563-587 |
| [10] | 中国社会科学院考古研究所, 西藏自治区文物保护研究所 等. 西藏阿里地区故如甲木墓地和曲踏墓地[J]. 考古, 2015,7:30-50 |
| [11] |
Smith BH. Patterns of molar wear in hunter-gatherers and agriculturalists[J] American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 1984,63:39-56
doi: 10.1002/ajpa.1330630107 URL pmid: 6422767 |
| [12] | 河南省文物考古研究所, 长江流域规划办公室考古队河南分队. 淅川下王岗[M]. 北京: 文物出版社, 1989 |
| [13] | 吉林大学边疆考古研究中心, 陕西省考古研究所忻州考古队, 等. 忻州游邀考古[M].科学出版社, 2005 |
| [14] | 刘学堂. 5世纪中叶以前吐鲁番盆地考古、历史述论[A].见:中国国家文物局,联合国教科文组织驻中国代表处,新疆维吾尔自治区文物局,等.交河故城保护与研究[M]. 乌鲁木齐: 新疆人民出版社, 1999: 423-460 |
| [15] | 刘学堂, 关巴. 新疆伊犁河谷史前考古的重要收获[J]. 西域研究, 2002(4):106-108. |
| [16] | 刘学堂, 阮秋荣. 尼勒克县穷克科一号墓地考古发掘报告[J]. 新疆文物, 2002 (3-4):51-53 |
| [17] | 张全超, 李溯源. 新疆尼勒克县穷克科一号墓地古代居民的食物结构分析[J]. 西域研究, 2006(4):78-81 |
| [18] | 周金玲. 新疆尉犁县营盘古墓群考古述论[J]. 西域研究, 1999 ( 3):59-66 |
| [19] |
Ma Y, Fuller BT, et al. Reconstructing Diet of the Early Qin (ca.700-400 BC) at Xishan, Gansu Province, China[J]. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 2015
doi: 10.1002/oa.2531 URL pmid: 28553062 |
| [20] | 顾玉才. 内蒙古和林格尔县土城子遗址战国时期人骨研究[D]. 长春:吉林大学, 2007. |
| [21] | 刘玉成. 内蒙古和林格尔县土城子遗址战国时期居民的牙齿研究[D]. 长春:吉林大学, 2011 |
| [22] | Smith BH. Standards of human tooth formation and dental age assessment[A]. In: Kelly MA, Larsen CE, editors. Advances in dental anthropology[M]. New York: Wiley-Liss. 1991: 143-186 |
| [23] | Hillson SW. Dental anthropology. Cambridge[M]. Cambridge University Press, 1996. |
| [24] | Smith BD. The emergence of agriculture[M]. New York: Scientific American Library, 1995 |
| [25] |
Lukacs JR. Sex differences in dental caries rates with the origin of agriculture in South Asia[J]. Curr Anthropol 1996,37:147-153
doi: 10.1086/204481 URL |
| [26] |
Kaifu Y. Tooth wear and compensatory modifications of the anterior dento alveolar complex in humans[J]. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 2000,111:369-392
doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(200003)111:3<369::AID-AJPA6>3.0.CO;2-# URL pmid: 10685038 |
| [27] |
Hinton RJ. Form and patterning of anterior tooth wear among aboriginal human groups[J]. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 1981,54:555-564
doi: 10.1002/ajpa.1330540409 URL pmid: 7234993 |
| [28] |
Hinton RJ. Differences in interproximal and occlusal tooth wear among prehistoric Tennessee Indians: implications for masticatory function[J]. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 1982,57:103-115
doi: 10.1002/ajpa.1330570111 URL pmid: 6753597 |
| [29] | Deter CA. Dental wear patterns of hunter-gatherers and agriculturalists: The impact of behavioural changes accompanying the transition[D]. PhD dissertation. London: University College London. 2006: 472 |
| [30] |
Deter CA. Gradients of Occlusal Wear in Hunter-Gatherers and Agriculturalists[J]. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 2008. DOI 10.1002/ajpa.20922 Published online in Wiley InterScience(www.interscience.wiley.com)
doi: 10.1002/ajpa.24109 URL pmid: 32748988 |
| [31] | Molnar P. Tracing prehistoric activities-life ways, habitual behaviour and health of hunter-gatherers on Gotland[A]. Theses and Papers in Osteoarchaeology 2008(4). Stockholm University |
| [32] |
Molnar P. Dental wear and oral pathology: possible evidence and consequences of habitual use of teeth in a Swedish Neolithic sample[J]. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 2008,136:423-431
doi: 10.1002/ajpa.20824 URL pmid: 18383160 |
| [33] | Reinhard KJ, Tieszen L, Sandness KL, et al. Trade, contact and female health in northeast Nebraska[A]. In the wake of contact: biological responses to conquest. New York. 1994: 63-74 |
| [34] |
Reiko Sakashita, Masakazu Inoue, et al. Dental disease in the Chinese Yin-Shang Period with respect to relationships between citizens and slaves[J]. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 1997,103:401-408
doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(199707)103:3<401::AID-AJPA9>3.0.CO;2-S URL pmid: 9261502 |
| [35] | Pechenkina EA, Ma XL, et al. Reconstructing behavior in ancient China from human skeletal remains[A]. The SAA Archaeological Record, 2009 |
| [36] | Liu W, Zhang QC, Wu XJ, et al. Tooth wear and dental pathology of the Bronze-Iron Age people in Xinjiang, Northwest China: Implications for their diet and lifestyle[J]. HOMO-Journal of Comparative ,Human Biology 2010, (61):102-116 |
| [37] | 李凡. 西藏阿里地区曲踏墓地和故如甲木墓地动物遗存研究[D]. 长春: 吉林大学, 2015 |
| [38] | 陈相龙, 张雅军, 等. 从故如甲木和曲踏墓地看西藏阿里地区距今2000年前后的生业经济与文化(待刊) |
| [39] | 尉苗, 王涛, 赵丛苍, 等. 甘肃西山遗址早期秦人的饮食与口腔健康[J]. 人类学学报, 2009,28(1):45-56 |
| [40] | Leonard WR, Crawford MH. Human Biology of Pastoral Populations[M]. Cambridge University Press, 2002: 1-8 |
| [41] |
Machicek ML, Zubova AV. Dental wear patterns and subsistence activities in early nomadic pastoralist communities of the Central Asian steppes[J]. Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia, 2012,40(3):149-157
doi: 10.1016/j.aeae.2012.11.017 URL |
| [42] | 邓婉文. 军都山古代人群牙齿磨耗及其饮食[J]. 人类学学报, 2016,35(4):1-12 |
| [1] | ZHANG Xinghua, ZHENG Lianbin, XU Fei, BAO Jinping, YU Keli. Overweight and obesity in Tibetan Burmese adults in China [J]. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2023, 42(02): 272-276. |
| [2] | CHEN Xiaoying, YOU Haijie, SONG Meiling, GUO Mingxiao, XIAO Yuni, ZENG Wen. Oral health of prehistoric inhabitants from the Ganzao site, Guangxi [J]. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2023, 42(01): 98-109. |
| [3] | LI Yonglan, YU Keli, ZHANG Xinghua, BAO Jinping, LI Chong, ZHENG Lianbin. Physical types and ethnological characteristics of Tibetans [J]. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2022, 41(04): 698-711. |
| [4] | YANG Shiyu, ZHANG Qun, WANG Long, ZHANG Quanchao. Dental microwear analysis of human teeth in Shengjindian cemetery, Turpan, Xinjiang [J]. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2022, 41(02): 218-225. |
| [5] | YUAN Haibing, GU Wanfa, WEI Qingli, WU Qian, DING Lanpo, CAO Doudou. Analysis of dental caries in the Yangshao population at the Qingtai site, Zhengzhou city [J]. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2022, 41(02): 226-237. |
| [6] | ZHANG Quanchao, SUN Yuze, HOU Liangliang, JI Ping, ZHU Yonggang. Carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analysis of the human and animal bones from the Haminmangha site [J]. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2022, 41(02): 261-273. |
| [7] | ZHAO Dongyue, LÜ Zheng, ZHANG Zetao, LIU Bo, LING Xue, WAN Yang, YANG Fan. Analysis on the economic mode of the ancestors of Dayindong cave site in Yunnan province by stable isotope [J]. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2022, 41(02): 295-307. |
| [8] | SHI Chongyang, GUO Yi. Discussion on the utilization of fishery resources by the ancestors of Tianluoshan and liangwangcheng sites based on the diet analysis [J]. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2022, 41(02): 308-318. |
| [9] | BAO Jinping, YU Keli, LI Yonglan, LI Chong, ZHANG Xinghua, ZHENG Lianbin. A study of Weizang and Kham Tibetans’ somatotype by Heath-Carter method [J]. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2021, 40(05): 834-846. |
| [10] | HUA Licheng, Peter S UNGAR. Application of dental microwear in diets reconstruction [J]. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2021, 40(02): 292-306. |
| [11] | CHEN Youcheng, HOU Guangliang, GAO Jingyi, CHEN Xiaoliang. A new microblade assemblage from Dongjicuona Lakeside in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and its technological relationship with adjacent areas [J]. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2021, 40(01): 28-39. |
| [12] | ZHOU Yawei, ZHANG Xiaoran, GU Wanfa. Teeth abrasion and health status of Yangshao culture residents in the Wanggou site, Zhengzhou [J]. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2021, 40(01): 49-62. |
| [13] | ZHOU Ligang, HAN Zhaohui, SUN Lei, HU Guoqiang. Stable isotope analysis of human remains from the Songzhuang Eastern Zhou Cemetery in Qixian, Henan Province: An investigation on the diet of nobles and human sacrifices [J]. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2021, 40(01): 63-74. |
| [14] | XIANG Xiaoxue, DU Huimin, YU Keli, ZHENG Lianbin. Characteristics and comparison of body composition of the Monba, Lhoba and Sherpa peoples [J]. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2021, 40(01): 109-117. |
| [15] | DING Manyu, HE Wei, WANG Tianyi, Shargan Wangdue, ZHANG Ming, CAO Peng, LIU Feng, DAI Qingyan, FU Qiaomei. A study of the mitochondrial genome of ancient inhabitants from the Latuotanggu cemetery, Tibet, China [J]. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2021, 40(01): 1-11. |
| Viewed | ||||||
|
Full text |
|
|||||
|
Abstract |
|
|||||
