Canine fossa and evolution of the human mid-facial bones

doi:10.16359/j.1000-3193/AAS.2020.0016

Abstract

Abstract:

The canine fossa is an important feature in the facial skeleton of many hominins, including modern humans. However, its phylogenetic significance is debated. Some researchers consider it as a plesiomorphic characteristic in a generalized face that, with some exceptions, is found in both extinct and extant great apes and in the hominins. Others consider that the canine fossa is a derived characteristic only found in Homo sapiens and its direct ancestors, and that it is related to an arched zygomatic-alveolar crest (ZAC). However, this relationship is not always fulfilled, and in Homo sapiens, there is a notable variability: An arched ZAC with the presence or absence of a canine fossa, and straight oblique ZAC with presence or absence of a canine fossa. In this sense, we hypothesize that the canine fossa is related to the degree of anterior extension of the maxillary sinus and that the morphology of the ZAC is related to the degree of lateral extension of said sinus. During the hominine evolution, the canine fossa has undergone different transformations, such as the maxillary furrow (Australopithecus africanus, Paranthropus robustus), maxillary fossula (P. robustus), and the sulcus maxillaris (Homo ergaster), or has been obliterated (Paranthropus aethiopicus, Paranthropus boisei, Kenyanthropus platyops, Homo rudolfensis). In the taxa where it has been obliterated, the mechanism of obliteration is different in the hominins of the Pliocene and Early Pleistocene compared to those of the Middle Pleistocene (Homo heidelbergensis/rhodesiensis, Homo nenaderthalensis). The facial morphology of H. rhodesiensis would exclude it from the line evolving to H. sapiens.

Key words: Facial skeleton, Midface, Infraorbital plate, Hominin evolution, Homo sapiens

CLC Number:

Q987

Francesc RIBOT Trafí, Mario GARCÍA Bartual, Alfredo José ALTAMIRANO Enciso, Qian WANG. Canine fossa and evolution of the human mid-facial bones[J]. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2022, 41(02): 193-217.

Figures/Tables 10

References 181

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区域Area	种群Taxon	地点Locality	年代Age (MaBP)	参考文献Reference
东非East Africa	南方古猿湖畔种A. anamensis	Asa Issie(埃塞俄比亚)	4.2-4.1	[189]
	南方古猿湖畔种A. anamensis	Kanapoi(肯尼亚)	4.1	[190]
		Allia Bay(肯尼亚)	3.9	[190]
		Woranso Mille(埃塞俄比亚)	3.8-3.6	[191]
	莱托里的Garusi I 标本	Laetoli(坦桑尼亚)	3.7-3.5	[192]
	南方古猿阿法种A. afarensis	Woranso Mille(埃塞俄比亚)	3.6	[193]
	南方古猿阿法种A. afarensis	Tulu Bor(肯尼亚)	3.7-3.4	[194]
		Maka(埃塞俄比亚)	3.4	[195]
		Hadar(埃塞俄比亚)	3.4-3	[188]
		Dikika(埃塞俄比亚)	3.3	[196]
	南方古猿近亲种 A. deiyremeda	Woranso Mille(埃塞俄比亚)	3.5-3.3	[73]
	南方古猿惊奇种A. garhi	Bouri(埃塞俄比亚)	2.5	[74]
南非South Africa	南方古猿普罗米修斯种 A. prometheus	Sterkfontein member 2	3.67	[197]
	南方古猿普罗米修斯种 A. prometheus	Makapansgat	2.9-2.6	[198]
		Sterkfontein member 4	2.6-2	[198]
	南方古猿非洲种 A. africanus	Taung	3.0-2.6	[198]
	南方古猿非洲种 A. africanus	Makapansgat	2.9-2.6	[198]
		Sterkfontein member 4	2.6-2	[198]
		Gladysvale	2.4-2	[198]
	南方古猿源泉种A.sediba	Malapa	1.95-1.78	[80]

区域Area	种群Taxon	地点Locality	年代Age (MaBP)	参考文献Reference
东非East Africa	南方古猿湖畔种A. anamensis	Asa Issie(埃塞俄比亚)	4.2-4.1	[189]
	南方古猿湖畔种A. anamensis	Kanapoi(肯尼亚)	4.1	[190]
		Allia Bay(肯尼亚)	3.9	[190]
		Woranso Mille(埃塞俄比亚)	3.8-3.6	[191]
	莱托里的Garusi I 标本	Laetoli(坦桑尼亚)	3.7-3.5	[192]
	南方古猿阿法种A. afarensis	Woranso Mille(埃塞俄比亚)	3.6	[193]
	南方古猿阿法种A. afarensis	Tulu Bor(肯尼亚)	3.7-3.4	[194]
		Maka(埃塞俄比亚)	3.4	[195]
		Hadar(埃塞俄比亚)	3.4-3	[188]
		Dikika(埃塞俄比亚)	3.3	[196]
	南方古猿近亲种 A. deiyremeda	Woranso Mille(埃塞俄比亚)	3.5-3.3	[73]
	南方古猿惊奇种A. garhi	Bouri(埃塞俄比亚)	2.5	[74]
南非South Africa	南方古猿普罗米修斯种 A. prometheus	Sterkfontein member 2	3.67	[197]
	南方古猿普罗米修斯种 A. prometheus	Makapansgat	2.9-2.6	[198]
		Sterkfontein member 4	2.6-2	[198]
	南方古猿非洲种 A. africanus	Taung	3.0-2.6	[198]
	南方古猿非洲种 A. africanus	Makapansgat	2.9-2.6	[198]
		Sterkfontein member 4	2.6-2	[198]
		Gladysvale	2.4-2	[198]
	南方古猿源泉种A.sediba	Malapa	1.95-1.78	[80]

性状Feature	鲁道夫种H. rudolfensis	能人种H.habilis	匠人种H.ergaster	直立人种H. erectus
眶下面	朝向冠状面,平坦, 向前向下倾斜	朝向冠状面, 相对屈曲, 向后向下倾斜	朝向冠状面, 相对屈曲, 向后向下倾斜	朝向冠状面,屈曲,向后向下倾斜
犬齿窝	缺失	存在	上颌沟	存在
上颌拐角	非常微弱	微弱	微弱	显著
颧齿槽突嵴	起源低且朝前,多变	起源高且朝后,弧形	多变,多变	起源高且朝后,弧形
颧切迹	缺失	缺失	缺失^a	存在
颧上颌结节*	缺失	缺失	缺失^b	存在
鼻侧外翻	非常微弱	非常微弱	存在	存在
鼻下面	直角	突颌	中间	中间
鼻下缘形态*	2	2 和 3	2 和3	3^c
颞鳞上缘*	直线	直线	直线	屈曲

性状Feature	鲁道夫种H. rudolfensis	能人种H.habilis	匠人种H.ergaster	直立人种H. erectus
眶下面	朝向冠状面,平坦, 向前向下倾斜	朝向冠状面, 相对屈曲, 向后向下倾斜	朝向冠状面, 相对屈曲, 向后向下倾斜	朝向冠状面,屈曲,向后向下倾斜
犬齿窝	缺失	存在	上颌沟	存在
上颌拐角	非常微弱	微弱	微弱	显著
颧齿槽突嵴	起源低且朝前,多变	起源高且朝后,弧形	多变,多变	起源高且朝后,弧形
颧切迹	缺失	缺失	缺失^a	存在
颧上颌结节*	缺失	缺失	缺失^b	存在
鼻侧外翻	非常微弱	非常微弱	存在	存在
鼻下面	直角	突颌	中间	中间
鼻下缘形态*	2	2 和 3	2 和3	3^c
颞鳞上缘*	直线	直线	直线	屈曲

分类群Taxon		犬齿窝形态Morphology of the canine fossa
乍得撒海尔人Sahelanthropus tchadensis		宽而浅
始祖地猿Ardipithecus ramidus		未观察到
更新纪灵长类动物Australopiths	南方古猿湖畔种Australopithecus anamensis	位于犬齿突和P⁴突之间
更新纪灵长类动物Australopiths	莱托里个体, Garusi I	位于犬齿突和P⁴突之间
	阿法种Australopithecus afarensis	两种形态：深而凹陷 (可能是男性);表面的凹陷 (可能是女性)
	近亲种Australopithecus deyiremeda	初步发育
	惊奇种Australopithecus ghari	位于犬齿突和P⁴突之间
	普罗米修斯种Australopithecus prometheus	三种形态：类上颌沟Like-sulcus maxillaris^a;非常微弱的上颌沟Very weak maxillary furrow^b;上颌小窝Maxillary fossula^c
	非洲种Australopithecus africanus	上颌沟^d
	源泉种Australopithecus sediba	位于犬齿突和P⁴突之间
	肯尼亚扁脸人Kenyanthropus platyops	完全消失
	傍人埃塞俄比亚种Paranthropus aethiopicus	完全消失
	鲍氏种Paranthropus boisei	完全消失
	粗壮种Paranthropus robustus	上颌小窝
人属Homo	能人种Homo habilis	小,位于犬齿突和P⁴突之间
	鲁道夫种Homo rudolfensis	完全消失
	匠人种Homo ergaster	上颌沟^e
	直立人种Homo erectus	犬齿窝宽阔^f
	海德堡罗得西亚种Homo heidelbergensisrhodesiensis	完全消失^g
	尼安德特种Homo neanderthalensis	完全消失
	纳莱迪种Homo naledi	浅,P³突上难以定义的犬齿窝
	智人种Homo sapiens	犬齿窝宽阔