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    15 June 2014, Volume 33 Issue 02
    Newly Discovered Paleolithic Open-air Sites in Hanzhong Basin in Upper Valley of Hanjiang River and Their Ages
    WANG Shejiang, SUN Xuefeng, LU Huayu, YI Shuangwen, ZHANG Gaike, XING Luda, ZHUO Haixin, YU Kaifeng,WANG Wei
    2014, 33(02):  125-136. 
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    Two Paleolithic open-air sites were identified in the Hanzhong Basin and 252 stone artifacts were collected during 2009-2012 in the upper valley of Hanjiang River in the southern piedmont of the Qinling Mountains, central China. Fieldwork at the Hejialiang site and the Yaochangwan site was carried out in August 2010 and May 2011, with three additional visits in 2009 and 2012. The catchment of Hanjiang River is regarded as one of the most important place for hominin living in the recent geological time. The newly discovered stone artifacts distributed on the second and third terraces of the south bank of Hanjiang River at the piedmont of the Liangshan Mountain. The lithic assemblage analysis suggests that the stone artifacts were made of local raw materials of pebbles/cobbles which derived from the riverbank alluvial deposits of the Hanjiang River. The lithic samples from the Hejialiang site frequently made of quartz, Graywacke, and igneous rock, but infrequently made of quartzite and silicon limestone. The lithics of the Yaochangwan site more frequently made of quartz, quartzite and igneous rock, but infrequently made of sandstone and silicon limestone. The main percussion techniques used are direct hard hammer percussion and bi-polar techniques. The core and flake platforms are dominated by cortical surfaces. The lithic artifacts consist of hammer stones, cores, flakes, retouched tools and flaking debris. The retouched tools include choppers, spheroids, Hand-axes, picks, heavy-duty scrapers, small scrapers and point. Composition and technology of the lithic artifacts in the two sites share some common characteristics with Paleolithic open-air sites in the Ankang Basin, the Danjiang Reservoir areas in the lower valley of the Hanjiang River, and the Luonan Basin in the South Luo River, and the Bose Basin in south China. The Hejialiang section on the second terrace and the Yaochangwan section on the third terrace were sampled in detail. In the Hejialiang site, there is a thin eolian deposit with thickness of 5.2m covering on the fluvial sand, pebbles, and cobbles. An in situ flake was just found at the lower part of the unique paleosol layer in the Hejialiang section. In the Yaochangwan site, distinct loess and paleosol alternations are present on the third river terrace with a thickness of more than 15m. From this loess-paleosol sequence, five loess units and five paleosol complexes can be identified. Two in situ flakes were found in the fifth paleosol layer at a depth of 14m. Two samples at Hejialiang section and five samples at the Yaochangwan section were collected for TT-OSL (Thermally transferred optically stimulated luminescence) dating. The TT-OSL is a newly developed dating technique which probably extends the dating range of quartz samples to middle and early Pleistocene. The TT-OSL signal has a saturation limit at least an order of magnitude higher than the fast component of the conventional OSL signal. The TT-OSL signal is measured after the depletion of the conventional OSL signal and a subsequent pre-heat, which is applied to induce the thermal transfer of charge. All of these measurements are carried out in the OSL Laboratory of Nanjing University. The results suggest that the buried lithic artifacts layer at the Hejialiang site is approximately correlated with the last interglacial paleosol S1 in Chinese Loess Plateau, it is dated from 80ka to 70ka BP. The Yaochangwan site spans approximate from 600ka to 100ka and correlates with S5-S1 in the typical Chinese loess paleosol sequences, respectively. These ages suggest that hominin already occupied the Hanzhong Basin from approximately 600ka BP, and during from 80ka to 70ka BP was another time for hominin occupied this basin.
    Paleolithic Artifacts from the Gaolingpo Site in the Bose Basin
    GAO Lihong, YUAN Junjie, HOU Yamei
    2014, 33(02):  137-148. 
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    The Gaolingpo Paleolithic site is located on the fourth terrace of southern bank of the Youjiang River in the Bose (Baise) Basin, Tanhe County, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. A total of 834 stone artifacts stored in the IVPP were observed and measured, and can be classified into manuports, cores, flakes, chunks and retouched pieces. Both flakes and chunks are largest in number. Tools include heavy duty tools and light duty tools. The former part has handaxes, picks and choppers and the latter part has scrapers, notches, becs, and awls. Different blanks and raw materials were chosen to make different tools. Direct hammer percussion is the principal flaking technique. Most flaking work happened from the flat surface to the convex, but alternating, bifacial shaping or retouching on tools also occurred.
    The Lithic Assemblage from the Jiawan Paleolithic Locality 1 in the Danjingkou Reservoir Region
    NIU Dongwei, PEI Shuwen, YI Mingjie, MA Ning
    2014, 33(02):  149-161. 
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    The Jiawan locality 1, buried in the front margin of the third terrace on the right bank of the Danjiang River, is located in Jiawan village, Shengwan town, Xichuan County, Henan Province. This locality was excavated from early April to early May 2011 by the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology (Chinese Academy of Sciences), as a salvageable archaeological project due to the construction of the Dangjiangkou reservoir dam at a higher latitude. The excavation exposed an area of about 1000 m2. Three stratigraphic layers of the third terrace were identified at this locality, with the total thickness of more than 4 meters. Archaeological materials were mainly unearthed from the 2nd to 3rd layer, two layers of grey-green to grey-yellow clay and brown-red clay, 1.5~3.5 m in thickness. A total of 750 stone artifacts and many cobbles were unearthed (N=527) and collected (N=223). The stone assemblage included: cores (46; 40 unearthed and 6 collected), retouched pieces (29; 26 unearthed and 3 collected), debitage (674; 461 unearthed and 213 collected), stone hammers (1 collected). The general features of these artifacts are summarized as follows:
    1) Lithic raw materials were locally available from ancient riverbeds. Quartzite is the predominant raw material (74.00%) , followed by the vein quartz (24.27%).
    2) The principal flaking technique is direct hammer percussion without core preparation.Chopper-core is the predominant type (28; 25 unearthed and 3 collected) of core. Most whole flakes were produced with a natural platform. Relatively high percentage (54.46%) of type III and VI flakes indicate that many whole flakes were in the later production stages.
    3) Most stone artifacts (92.53%) are small and medium in size.
    4) Only three classes of retouched pieces are identified, namely scrapers, denticulates, and bifaces, with scrapers being the dominant type (86.21%).
    5) Most blanks for tool fabrication are flakes. Retouched pieces appear to be simply retouched by direct hammer percussion, mostly unifacially retouched on the distal end or the lateral sides of the blanks.
    It can be inferred from the excavation and the analysis that the stone assemblage of the locality shows great similarity to that of Songwan and Baidutan Paleolithic localities in this region, which resemble the Oldowan-like industry (mode1). The unearthed chopper-cores, discoids, and polyhedrons are all typical tool types of the Oldowan assemblage in Africa. It should be noted that two proto-bifaces of simple flaking without standardized size and symmetry were recovered, which should not be assigned to the hallmarks of typical Acheulean assemblage. Geomorphological and chronological comparisons in the upper reaches of Hanshui River valley and the Danjiang River valley indicate that the geochronology of this locality should be close to Early Late Pleistocene.
    Cleavers Retrieved from the Field Investigations in the Danjiangkou Reservoir Region, Central China
    LI Hao, LI Chaorong, Kathleen KUMAN
    2014, 33(02):  162-176. 
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    Currently, toolkits containing Acheulean technological elements have been found in several regions of China, including the Bose and Luonan Basins. Compared with the core and flake technology of the Oldowan, this is a new complex showing the enhancement of the technological and cognitive abilities of early humans. This implies the potential diversity and complexity of human evolution in the Middle Pleistocene of China. This paper focuses on the detailed analysis of 18 cleavers retrieved from the Danjiangkou Reservoir Region. Danjiangkou Reservoir Region is located at the southern edge of the Qinling Mountains which is considered to be the boundary between North and South China, and it is fed by the Han River, the largest tributary of the Yangtze River. During Pleistocene times, this area had a relatively stable subtropical environment with abundant plant and animal resources suitable for hominid subsistence. Comprehensive chronological analyses indicate that LCTs in this region have persisted for a long period, from the late Early Pleistocene to the Late Pleistocene. Raw materials for making cleavers are cobbles from the nearby river banks. In total, three local raw materials were employed. Quartz phyllite accounts for 50%, trachyte for 44%, and quartz for 6% of the cleavers in this sample. These different proportions indicate a clear preference for certain raw materials that corresponds with the quality of each rock type. The cobbles in this region are generally well-rolled oval shapes. The size of pebbles and cobbles in the gravels varies, with lengths concentrated in 2-15 cm range, which has a big influence on the flaking methods. The minimum and maximum length of cleavers in the sample is 128.73mm and 235.70mm, and the average length is 179.07mm. Different kinds of blanks were exploited by these hominids to make cleavers. Large flakes and cobbles were equally used, 50% respectively. Among the large flake blanks, free hand percussion, bipolar technique and throwing technique are recognized, showing that various flaking techniques were used depending on the raw material. Cobbles used to make the cleavers were well selected, as they tend to be elongated oval or flat shapes, which can provide suitable platforms and angles for direct invasive flaking of the laterals. The size of the selected cobbles was more or less uniform, a size comfortable for holding in the hand. To explore the intensity of shaping, the numbers of primary and secondary scars are counted. There is a clear pattern that the average number of secondary shaping scars (10.4) is higher than the average number of primary shaping scars (4.5), which indicates that more shaping was conducted to refine the edges than to shape the body of the piece. And the total average number of scars (14.9) is relatively low compared with most western Acheulean cleavers (the lowest average scar number is 14.7 for the Ternifine site, North Africa), which manifests a least-effort strategy in shaping and/or a property of the specific raw materials. On the topic of shaping patterns, nine cleavers are partly bifacial (50%), seven are bifacial (38.9%) and two are unifacial (11.1%). And the average proportion of shaping for the distal end (both edges) is 90.3%, for the middle portion is 62.5%, and for the proximal end is 33.3%, reflecting that the distal end is the functional part of the tool. The formation of distal functional edges is done in different ways: First, similar with typical African cleavers, the cleaver bit was formed by the intersection of large dorsal scars and the ventral surface, or sometimes the dorsal face can also be cortical (N=4/18); Second, similar to European cleavers, they were made by the tranchet technique with the tranchet flake scars parallel to the cleaver bit (N=7/18); Third, as an adaptation to the local raw material, they were made by intentional shaping of the distal edge, with the blow parallel to the main axe (N=7/18). Analysing morphology using Roe’s shape diagram method shows that there is no standardized pattern of the shape of cleavers, but that they display much variability. A Principal Component Analysis indicates that raw material and the type of shaping do not have a close relationship with morphological variation. However, it appears that blank type may play an important role in this morphological variation. This is displayed in the greater breadth and thickness values of cobble blanks than flake blanks, which is consistent with the metric data. Through the comprehensive consideration of the features of cleavers, we infer that the people in the Danjiangkou Reservoir Region possessed the technological ability of manufacturing cleavers. Moreover, this implies that they were also applying flexible adaptive strategies according to the local raw materials, palaeoenvironment, etc. This indicates a similarity of cognitive abilities between early humans in the East and West.
    Determining Age and Seasonality in Paleolithic Faunal Remains by Cementum Increment Analysis
    LI Jingshu, ZHANG Shuangquan
    2014, 33(02):  177-186. 
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    Age-at-death distributions, or mortality profiles from Paleolithic archaeological faunal assemblages, are important for reconstructing critical aspects of ancient behaviours such as hunting strategies and the use of resources. Seasonality, as well, provides a powerful tool in studying the residential mobility, foraging activity, dispersion and aggregation of populations of ancient people. The study of numerous thin sections of dental cementum has shown that the growth structures observed in recent mineralized tissues are in correspondence with homologous structures observed in fossil specimens of the same species and thus can be used to analyze animal fossils from archaeological sites. Considering the potential importance of the method for archaeological research in general, this article presents the theory and methodology of cementum increment analysis and describes some applications in Paleolithic archaeological studies. Furthermore, attention is given to the method’s future application at Paleolithic archaeological sites in China.
    Cranial Features of Dian Culture Human Remains from the Shaomaoshan Cemetery
    ZENG Wen, PAN Qifeng, ZHAO Yongsheng, ZHU Hong
    2014, 33(02):  187-197. 
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    This article includes the description and discussion of cranial non metric and metric traits of ancient human remains exhumed from the Shamaoshan cemetery in Yiliang County, Yunnan Province. Cranial morphological features suggest that the Shamaoshan skeletal materials shows an inclination towards the Mongolian, especially Eastern Asiatic Mongoloids. According to the results of statistical analysis, the Shaomaoshan population’s closest genetic affinity is with the almost contemporary Wayaogou population in the middle or lower reaches of the Yellow River and the Huoshaogou population in northwest China.
    Comparative Study of the Height, Weight and Chest Circumference of Children and Adolescents Between the Tibetan Plateau and the Andes
    XI Huanjiu, WEN Youfeng, ZHANG Hailong, LI Wenhui, REN Fu, HUANG Keqiang, XIAO Yanjie, YE Liping, LI Chunshan, Zhao CHEN
    2014, 33(02):  198-213. 
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    This study compares the height, weight and chest circumference of children and adolescents living in the Tibetan Plateau with those in the Andes in order to explore the patterns and characteristics of growth and development and to identify differences in growth and development between the two regions. Findings from this study may be used to help improve the health of residents, to promote good growth and development, and to provide a theoretical framework for high-altitude medicine and anthropology. A total of 2813 healthy children and adolescents (men 1606, women 1207) aged 6-19 years old were recruited with informed consent. To be eligible for this study, participants had to have lived and grown up in Tibet, and both their paternal and maternal side of the family had to be Tibetan (for at least the past three generations). Their stature, weight, chest circumference were measured. Comparison data on growth and development of children and adolescents in India, Peru, Bolivia, and Chile were abstracted from published studies. Papers with incomplete data, small sample sizes or outdated information were not included in this study. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS13.0. The results have suggested that children and adolescents from the Tibetan plateau was taller than those from the Andes. Weights of children and adolescents in the two regions were similar. In addition, chest circumference was smaller in those living in the Tibetan plateau than those in the Andes. It is concluded that growth and development of children and adolescents in highlands follow similar patterns, but also show specific characteristics such as growth delay, lower growth level and large chest dimensions. Growth and development levels of children and adolescents were better in Tibet than in the Andes, possibly a result of features resulting from such factors as hypoxia, heredity or socioecological levels.
    A Study of Skinfold Thickness in Han Adults from Anhui
    YU Keli, ZHENG Lianbin, ZHAO Dapeng, WANG Yang, XUE Hong, ZHANG Xiaorui, WANG Zhibo, RONG Wenguo
    2014, 33(02):  214-220. 
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    Skinfold thickness of face, biceps, triceps, subscapular, suprailiac and the calf of 694 Han adults (152 urban males, 158 urban females, 201 rural males, 183 rural females) from Chuzhou County, Anhui Province were recorded and compared to other ethnic groups in China. This work showed the following results. Skinfold thickness on the trunk was thicker than on the limbs. Back skinfold thickness was thicker than on the abdomen. Facial skinfold thickness was lay in the middle of the measurements, whereas bicep skinfold thickness was the thinnest. Six skinfold thicknesses showed the most significant differences between the sexes but on average, females were thicker than males in the same age group. The values of these six skinfold thicknesses had a positive correlation with age. Generally, urban females were thinner than rural females, but urban males were thicker than rural males. In conclusion, skinfold thickness of males and females of Han from Anhui Province are close to the skinfold thickness traits of ethnic groups of the North Asian type of Mongoloid.
    Genetic Polymorphisms of the 17 Y-STR Loci in the Han Population in Weinan, Shaanxi Province
    HE Yongfeng, CHEN Liping, ZHAO Jie, SONG Zhen
    2014, 33(02):  230-236. 
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    The purpose of this work was to investigate the polymorphisms of the 17 Y-chromosomal short tandem repeats (STR) loci in the Han population in Weinan, Shaanxi Province, and to evaluate their forensic values and genetic relationships with 10 other populations of China. The 17 Y-STR loci in 413 unrelated Weinan Han males in Shaanxi were amplified with the Y-filer system, and the PCR products were analyzed by the 3130 Genetic Analyzer. The allele frequencies and haplotype diversity were calculated for analyzed loci. The Y-STR data of 10 other populations were collected from publications. Cluster analysis and phylogenic trees were applied to show the genetic distance between the populations. A total of 405 different haplotypes were observed in these 413 unrelated individuals, of which 397 were unique. The haplotype diversity value was 0.9999. The gene diversity values (GD) for each locus ranged from 0.4130 (DYS391) to 0.9734 (DYS385a/b). Compared with the 10 populations, the genetic distance between the Weinan Han and Liaoning Manchu population was the smallest (0.00110), while the genetic distance between the Weinan Han and Qinghai Tibet population was the largest (0.22333). The 17 Y-STR loci displayed high genetic polymorphisms in the Weinan Han population, indicating that these 17 loci are useful genetic markers for forensic personal identification and paternity testing, and have the potential for application in forensic medicine and population genetics.