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Table of Content

    15 March 2003, Volume 22 Issue 01
    Dental disease of the Three-Yan cultures from Lamadong Cemetery of Beipiao
    ZHANG Quan-chao
    2003, 22(01):  0. 
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    This paper described the incidences of the caries and periodontitis in a sample including 283 individuals of the Three-Yan Cultures from Lamadong cemetery in Beipiao, Liaoning and discussed the relationship between the frequency of dental disease, on the one hand and sex and age on the other. The result is as follows: (1)the frequency of the caries had no marked sexual difference, and the frequency of the periodontitis had sexual difference. (2)the frequency of the caries had certain association with age, but periodontitisis considered to be strongly associated with age. (3)in addition to the association with the host susceptibility and the activeness of the bacteria the formation of a human bental disease had certain association with the roughness of food. To a great extent, the detritions of the teeth in Lamadong cemetery were serious. The degree of attrition of the teeth is usually corresponding to that occurred in modera human individual 5 —10 years older. The heavy worn of the teeth made the residual food and bacteria easies to be inlaid in the space between neighboring teeth. So that the dentition became more difficult to be self-cleaned. As a result, the periodontitis and the caries occurred. In addition, the inlet of food between teeth would necessarily cause the mesiodistal interproximal caries. Hence, to a large extent, the frequently ocurring spot of the caries of this population was interproximal, whereas that of modern peoplewas occlusal surface. (4)the oral hygiene conditions were closely related to the formation of dental disease. During the process of the investigation, no example of cervical wedgeshaped defect was found. Hence,we inferred that the residents buried in this cernetery were not conscious enough of the oral health, and meanwhile they did not care their oral hygiene. This is one of the most important factors that led to the high frequency of the dental disease in Lamadong cemetery. In addition, the supernumerary tooth, the congenital anodontia, the fused teeth, the maloccluded tooth and the impacted tooth were also recorded and analyzed.
    Report on the excavation of Zhijiddong Cave site
    ZHANG Song-lin; LIU Yan-feng
    2003, 22(01):  1-17. 
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    The Zhijidong Cave site(34°38′N, 113°13′E) is situated on an isolated hill north to the Wangzong dian Village, Xingyang City, Henan Province (Figure 1). It was discovered in 1985 and excavated in 1990 at the first time.
    The deposit inside the cave consists of 23 layers. Layers 19—23 are Holocene deposists. Layers 1—18 are Pleistocene units,which can be delaminated into two parts: the lower part (layers 1—12) and the upper part (layers 13—18). The materials reported in the paper all came from layers 1—18. Several ash layers with the abundant burned materials were uncovered at the site. More than 6000 stone artifacts, some bone artifacts, and about 10, 000 pieces of vertebrate fossils, mostly mammalian, were found in the deposits. Eight species can be identified, including Myospalax tingi, Rhinoceros cf. sinensis, Megaloceros pachyosteus, and possibiy Hyaena sinensis, which indicate that the site' s age is tentatively dated to be Middle Paleolithic. Layer 18 is dated to be 79+1.0-0.9 ka by uranium serie method. The bottom layer may be slightly older than the Middle Paleolithic. The absence of abrasion on these culturnl materials indicate that they came from primmy context. This site should be a living place and a spot for producing stone artifacts, occupied by human being for a long time.
    The artifacts from the Paleolithic deposits (layers 1—18) exhibit 7 characters: 1) The main raw material is quartz ;flint, qurtzite, sandstone and agate were also used. From the lower layer to the upper layer, the quantity of quartz increased, but the quantity of flint was dereased noticeably. 2) Direct hammer flaking was main technique for core reduction, and bipolar flaking was employed occasionally. Most flakes and cores are irregular in shape. 3) Many flakes were used directly without modification. 4) Most (74. 15 %) tools were made on flakes. 5) Retouched tools include scraper, point, awl, chopper-chopping tool and burin. Scrapers are the main type. The single straight scrapers account for 39. 24 %of the scrapers and 26.17% of the retouched tools. 6) Tools were retouched by hammer percussion method. The retouched scars are mainly on the dorsal surface, and mostly irregular. Most of the tools yield deep and wide single layer scars. A few of samples were delicately retouched, possibly using the Mousterian technique. 7) The overwhelming majority of the stone artifacts are small-medium ones. In addition, there are some bone artifacts in the assemblage of the cave site.
    The stone artifact assemblage of the Zhijidong Cave sites is very similar to those of Zhoukoudian Sites, and the technological influence from Zhoukoudian Sites is evident. Therefore, The Zhijidong Cave site can be attributed to the main industry of Paleolithic tradition in North China, represented by small artifacts, the predominance of scarpers, and the occurrence of modification scars mainly on the dorsal surfaces.
    Morphological variation of middle meningeal artery and its significance in human evolution
    WU Xiu-jie
    2003, 22(01):  19-28. 
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    The impressions of middle meningeal arteries were observed and compared to study the morphological variation and temporal changes. The specimens used include either skull or endocasts of 45 Homo erectus, 15 archaic Homo sapiens, 18 Late Homo sapiens and 62 modern humans. The results obtained are asfollows. Form Homo erectus to modern humans the diameter of middle meningeal arteries decreased, the pattern of ramifications becames more complex, the diameter anterior branch of the middle meningeal artery tends to increase and posterior branch tends to decrease. So, from the early hominids to modern humans the ramification of middle meningeal arteries becomes gradually shrink on the area other than the parietals. The present study also indicate that the morphological characteristics of human middle meningeal arteries have certain geographical variations. The anthor believes that the morphological patterns of the middle meningeal arteries found in present study reflect the increasing of blood requirements of different brain components in changing proportion and sophistication of cerebral function during the evolutionary process from Homo erectus to modern humans. The middle meningeal artery plays important role in the study of relationship between skull and brain, and brain evolution.
    Study on the somatotype of Han nationality of Shandong Province with the heath-carter anthropometric method
    JIN Li-xin
    2003, 22(01):  37-44. 
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    The adult somatotypes of 1001 persons (M502, F499) aged 20 —88 of Han Nationality of Shandong Province were studied by the Heath-Carter somatotyping method on August and September, 2000. The mean somatotype in the male falls in Endo-mesomorph category (4. 4 —4. 8 —1. 7), with the urban average 4. 6 —4. 7 —1. 5 and the rural 4. 2 —4. 8 —1. 8, while that of the female, Meso-Endom- orph category(5. 7 —4. 2 —1. 4), with the urban average 5. 8 —4. 2 —1. 3 and rural 5. 6 —4. 2 —1. 4. The main somatotypes of the male were Endo-Mesomorph, Endo. Mesomorph and Meso. Endomorph among the 13 somatotypes while those of the female were Meso. Endomorph and Endo-Mesomorph. The males differed from the females in the somatotypes. In both sexes with increasing age the values of En- domorph and Mesomorph were increased, while the values of Ectomorph decreased (male: 20 — 45years; female: 20 —55years). The somaotypes significantly changed after the age of 30 in urban males and in all the females. The somatotype means were 3. 9 —4. 3 —2. 3 (urban: 4.0 —4. 2 —2. 3 ; rural: 3. 7 —4. 5 —2. 3), 4. 7 —3. 3 —2. 4(urban: 4. 8 —3. 3 —2. 3 ;rural: 4. 5 —3. 4 —2. 4), 4. 6 — 4. 9 —1. 5 (urban: 4. 8 —4. 9 —1. 3 ;rural: 4. 4 —4. 9 —1. 7) and 6.0 —4. 5 —1.0 (urban: 6. 2 — 4. 6 —0. 9 ;rural:5. 9 —4. 5 —1. 1) in the males below the age of 30, the females below 30, the males over the age of 30 and the females over 30, respectively. There was no difference in the somatotypes between the urban and rural samples in the same sex and age group. Comparing the somatotype mean of Han nationality of Shandong Provence with that of the other 5 minorities of China and some foreign ethnic samples, we found that the male somatotype of Han is similar to those of the Mongol, Canada samples, while the female somatotype is similar to those of Mongol, Oroqen, Ewenki and Daur.
    Skinfold thickness and its variations in Daur adults
    ZHENG Lian-bin; ZHU Qin; WANG Shu-xun; ZHENG Ming-xia
    2003, 22(01):  45-50. 
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    The skinfold thichnesses of triceps, subscapular, suprailiac and calf were investigated in sample of 456 Daur adults including 216 males and 240 females. The results are as follows: (1) The torso skinfold is thicker than the limb skinfold in males, while in females the subscapular skinfold is the thickest. (2) Females have the thicker skinfolds than males. (3) The skinfolds are the thickest in males aged from 30 to 44 and be come thinner after the age of 45. Subscapular skinfold declines signi- ficantly after the age of 50 in females but other skinfolds of females decline after the age of 40. (4) The skinfold thickness of the whole body are correlated in males but not in females.
    A study on body surface area of students
    LI Shu-yuan; ZHENG Lian-bin; ZHU Qin; LU Shun-hua
    2003, 22(01):  51-55. 
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    Stature and body weight of 1739 cases of Daur students (854 male and 885 female)were investigated. Body surface area of every individual and the average of body surface areas of 14 groups of 6 —19 years old students were calculated by means of Stevenson. The results showed as follow. 1) Body surface area of the Daur students enlarged with age increase. 2)Average of the body surface areas of the 11 years old female surpass to that of the male of the same age, but the case reverse for 14 years old students. 3)After 15, deviation of body surface area between male and female increase.
    Digital hair distribution of the Hui and Han nationalities in Ningxia
    HUO Zheng-hao; JIAO Hai-yan; PENG Liang; CHEN Yin-tao; XU Fang
    2003, 22(01):  57-61. 
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    This paper investigated a random sample of 316 Hui nationality (166 males, 150 females) and 542 Han nationality (253 males, 289 females) in Ningxia, aged from 17 to 23. The results showed that hair existed on the proximal phalangeal segments in all people except two females in Hui nationali- ty. The frequency of middle phalangeal segments' hair (MPSH) has no significant difference between males and females in the same nationality, and between Hui and Han nationality (P >0.05). The fre- quency in order of MPSH was found 4 >3 >5 >2. Hair distribution on both hand in same individual was fundamentally symmetrical. The gene frequency of existence of the MPSH in 13 populations was compared and analysed.
    The distribution of MYS2 polymorphism in 26 Chinese populations
    XUE Ya-li; ; BAO Wei-dong; FU Song-bin; Tatiana Zerjal; ZHU Su-ling; XU Jiu-jin; DU Ruo-fu; ZHANG Guiyin; LI Pu; Chris Tyler-Smith
    2003, 22(01):  63-68. 
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    The distribution of MYS2 polymorphism in 26 Chinese populations was analyzed by PCR. And the variations of intra- and between populations were calculated using AMOVA by Arlequin Package. MYS2*4 was the common allele while the incidence of MYS2*3 was much different in these pop- ulations. By AMOVA, 7. 76 %、8. 11 % and 1. 42 %of total variation were found among all 26, 10 Southern and 16 Northern Chinese populations respectively. And 4. 34 %of total variation was found between the Southern and Northern groups while 1. 57 %was found between northeast and northwest groups. The results showed that MYS2 polymorphism is very useful in analyzing the genetic structure of Chinese population. Some difference in genetic structure was seen among the different populations and a geographical distinction between South and North was confirmed. The distinction between Western and Eastern populations in the Northern China was also suggested.
    Study on pelvic variables of macaca mulatta in Taihung Mountains
    ZHAO Xiao-jin
    2003, 22(01):  69-74. 
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    In this article, 21 pelvic variables of 22 Macaca mulatta (11 males and 11 females) in Taihang mountain were measured by the method suggested by Wu Rukang et al. and Shao Xiangqing. The results were briefly summarized as the following.
    1. The analysis of correlation, R cluster and regression relationship illustrated that the pelvic variables measured showed positive correlation and that there were different degrees of correlation in different variables of the pelvis. There were significant regression relationship among some pelvic vari- ables such as X1, X12 and X13.
    2. Therewere no significant sexual differences between the male and female among majority of the pelvic variables (76. 19 %) except X1, X7, X11, X12 and X13. Most of the pelvic variables of the male were larger than the females except X3, X4, X7 and X11.
    3. The results indicated that sexual dimorphism were very significant among some pelvic variables. It was one of the criteria to judge the sex with morphological characteristics.
    Study on the dite of ancient people by analyzing bone elements and isotopes
    ZHANG Xue-lian
    2003, 22(01):  75-84. 
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    From principle and method, this paper introduces the main three aspects of study on diet of ancient people by analyzing bone element and isotope presently: analyzing for 13C and 15N of collagen, analyzing for trace element Sr and Ba as well as analyzing for isotope Sr. Then, it reviews domestic research of this field and achievements, as well as new advances.
    The method of human bone isotope analyzing for the diet of ancient people was first introduced into China by professor Cai Lianzhen and professor Qiu Shihua, Institute of Archaeology, CASS, in 1980s. By 13C analyzing of human bone excavated from some famous archaeological sites such as Yangshao site, Taosi site, they provided scientific basis for the archaeological inference that people on the Yangtze River valley took rice as their staple food, while for those on the Yellow River valley the staple food was millet from the Neolithic Age on at least, which opened up the way to study on human bone for diet and abounded archaeological research content.
    In the beginning of the century, under the conduction of professor Qiu Shihua and Cai Lianzhen, Zhang Xuelian, etc. continued the work. On the basis of analyzing a great quantity of 13C data combing with the 14C dating calibration of the Xia-Shang-Zhou Chronology Project, 15N analysis method by Element Analyzer was established and the information of a relative relationship on meat-eating extent was given. That is from Yinxu (the Shang Dynasty ruin), Shangsunjia site of the Han Dynasty of Qinghai Province, Hemudu site of the Neolithic Age of Zhejiang Province, to Yanbulak site of the Zhou Dynasty of Xinjiang Autonomous Region, the extent of meat-eating in diet of people is gradually rising. Evi- dently, it is interrelated to the environments people located. At the same time, some other archaeological sites such as Xinglongwa site of the Neolithic Age of Neimenggu Autonomous Region, Shangsunjia site of Kayue Culture of Qinghai Province were also analyzed on their bones for diet. In addition, some background materials of mollusk (for example oyster)coming from Yantai Bay and Qingdao Bay of Shangdong Province were analyzed with 13C and 15N method. These results are given in Figure 2.
    In 1990s, Zheng Xiaoying, Institute of Population, Peking University, analyzed the trace elements in human femur from Ganguya Siba culture site of the late Bronze Age of Gansu Province by ICAP. And some comparisons were made. It is an earlier human diet study with trace element.
    In 2002, Hu Yaowu, Chinese University of Science and Technology, used the method of 13C and 15N analyzing to study the diet of Jiahu people, Who came from BC 8 000—9 000. And trace element analyzing was also made.